Two new photo galleries of the sustainable model city district in Malmö, Sweden, published
Published
On the one hand, there are 80 photos by Ludger Dederich from 2013, at which time the district was as good as completed. The urban integration of the "Turning Torso" by Santiago Calatrava can be seen well in some of the photos: https://siedlungen.eu/galerien/fotogalerie-2013-malmoe
The second photo gallery consists of 30 photos from an excursion with the Chair of Economics and Ecology of Housing (University of Karlsruhe), from 1999, when the Europaviertel was not yet completely finished and visitors were still able to look into some of the furnished model apartments, which were open to visitors, via the building exhibition: https://siedlungen.eu/galerien/fotogalerie-1999-malmoe
In a recently written short study, scientists from the Department of Energy System Analysis at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE prepared an evaluation of the Market Master Data Register (MaStR) and the EEG system master data for photovoltaics (PV). Important findings of the analyses were that with 38 percent of the newly installed capacity, the increase in capacity in Germany is increasingly taking place in the segment of rooftop systems larger than 100 kW, 22 percent of the newly built PV systems are erected in a west, east or east-west direction and 19 percent of these systems have tilt angles smaller than 20 degrees.
Relative shares of the different orientations in the construction of new plants. Source: Own calculation based on MaStR data registered as of 31.01.2019 (as of 03.03.2020).
The Market Master Data Register (MaStR) is the register for the German electricity and gas market. Since January 2021, all electricity generation units connected to the general supply grid must be entered in it. This also applies to the steadily growing number of photovoltaic systems in Germany. In addition to the master data on output and location of a PV system, which has already been recorded in the Renewable Energy Sources Act register (EEG system master data), the market master data register records further information such as orientation, inclination and output limitation.
These parameters have now been analyzed by scientists at Fraunhofer ISE. The evaluation covers the period from 2000 to the present day and shows the development over time in terms of number, power, location by federal state, orientation, inclination and power limitation. Different evaluation criteria were taken into consideration, which allow statements to be made on the following aspects: Plant addition, power addition by plant class, plant addition by federal state, plant orientation and inclination angle.
Fraunhofer ISE evaluates these central parameters at regular intervals and makes the results publicly available. In addition, the Institute offers further evaluations of this database on request.
82 percent of the added systems are smaller than 10 kW
The evaluation of the installation of new systems by system class essentially shows that the <10 kW size range has remained constant since 2014 with an average share of 82 percent. Rooftop systems over 10 and up to 100 kW had a heyday between 2004 and 2011, when their share of new installations - in relation to the number of systems - averaged 43 percent.
Growing part of the added capacity is due to large rooftop systems
When examining the increase in capacity by plant class, it becomes clear that the high share of the <10 kW plant class in terms of the number of plants is only reflected in a high increase in capacity to a limited extent. The share of the plant class has remained fairly constant at an average of 19 percent since 2014. One system segment whose relative share of capacity growth has increased sharply is the system class of rooftop systems from 100 to 750 kW. From 17 percent in 2012, their share has more than doubled to 38 percent in 2019. In contrast, the importance of ground-mounted systems has declined from 45 percent in 2012 to 20 percent in 2019.
More than half of the PV systems will no longer be built in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
The two states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg accounted for an average of 59.6 percent of new installations in Germany between 2000 and 2009, and this share declined to an average of 44.5 percent between 2010 and 2019. Over the same periods, North Rhine-Westphalia increased its average contribution from 14.1 to 18.3 percent, Lower Saxony's share rose from 6.5 to 9.2 percent, and Brandenburg's share increased from 0.7 to 2.2 percent. All the remaining federal states also recorded increases, albeit to a lesser extent. Despite the decline in their share, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg remain in first and second place in terms of new installations in 2019, with 24.4 percent and 18.6 percent respectively. This is followed by North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Hesse with 17.9 percent, 9.2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively.
73 percent of newly installed PV systems are limited in their capacity
Only around a quarter of the newly installed plants in 2019 do not have any output limitation. According to the EEG, 66 percent of newly installed plants may only feed a maximum of 70 percent of their output into the grid because they do not have remotely controllable feed-in management. This proportion has grown by an average of 4 percentage points per year since 2014. The remaining output-limited plants have even higher limitations of 60 to 50 percent as a result of the combination with a battery storage system.
Increasing proportion of PV systems facing east and west
While the share of PV systems with southern orientation decreased from 61 percent in 2000 to 42 percent in 2019, the share of systems with eastern and western orientation increased at almost the same rate: east from 1 percent in 2000 to 7 percent in 2019, west from 3 percent in 2000 to 9 percent in 2019, east-west from 1 percent in 2000 to 6 percent in 2019.
Plants are increasingly being built with a lower angle of inclination.
The share of added PV systems (rooftop and ground-mounted) with a tilt angle of less than 20 degrees averaged 10 percent between the years 2000 and 2009. Subsequently, between 2010 and 2019, the share increased to an average of 19 percent. Systems with 20 to 40 degrees of tilt accounted for an average of 63 percent between 2000 and 2009, falling to 54 percent between 2010 and 2019.
In October, the Habitat III Conference took place in Quito. The "New Urban Agenda" was adopted there. It is intended to help the world community to shape the global urbanisation process in a sustainable way. Why is there so little discussion about this in Germany?
Over 30,000 participants were accredited in Quito. Despite good organisation, there were hours of queuing and security checks to get into the conference area, which was declared a temporary UN exclave, and to attend the numerous lectures, forums, discussions, workshops and stands. But there was little of this euphoria in the German media. Habitat III did not manage to get through with a very big message, as the Paris Agreement managed to do with the two-degree target. So all in vain?
Prof. Dr. Philipp Misselwitz is Professor of International Urban Studies and Design/ Chair Habitat Unit at the Technische Universität Berlin http://habitat-unit.de
On 12 December 2015, the parties to the climate negotiations in Paris agreed that global warming should be limited to a maximum of 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius. This was presented with such confidence that one could almost forget that the Earth's atmosphere does not have a thermostat. No one can guarantee that this target will be met, especially not on the basis of a resolution: the CO² concentration of 400 parts per million (ppm) is already significantly higher than the 280 ppm required for climate stability. Methane emissions released by permafrost melting and peatland destruction are adding to the flood of exhaust gases from coal, gas and oil. The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius cannot be achieved without an actual and immediate reduction in emissions. However, the current pledges of the climate parties may allow for 2, 4 or even 5 degrees.
So much for the critical findings from Paris. On the positive side: this was the first COP in which renewable energies (RE) were given a clear and strong mandate. The initiatives, 100% RE movements and programmes of the developing countries for the use of renewable energies were finally given as much respect as the island states, which had previously only been heard marginally. However, not much else of significance was decided - if you want to look at it positively, it was a historic consensus of almost all nations, and an implicit consensus to initiate the expansion of renewable energies. Worldwide and already massive investments have only just begun and can now only intensify. Thousands of communities, banks, companies, foundations and millions of people have recognised this. The installed capacity of photovoltaics alone has increased fifty-fold in the last 10 years. The signal to the countries of the world, but also to Berlin and all other national decision-makers: the immediate, unrestricted switch to renewable energies must not be delayed any longer - the contracting parties must no longer slow down the movement towards the 100%-EE target. (*)
The 'miracle of Paris' is therefore, at best, the realisation that the time for climate negotiations is over and the time for national action has come.
The Paris Agreement can only be celebrated as an achievement of international diplomacy, process management and sustainability marketing. To leave everything else as it is would mean accepting it as a sham agreement. It would allow the nominally agreed targets to be confused with actual measures.
Fossil fuels are in no way specifically limited by the treaties. (**) Their influence is particularly evident in Germany, where the government has deformed the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and thus curbed the energy transition. The expansion of solar and wind energy is now to be massively slowed down by a planned economy-style allocation system. Bioenergy and tens of thousands of jobs in the solar industry have already been sacrificed.
The transition to renewable energies is a local and regional process of innovation that must be facilitated by national legislation, but must essentially take place in a decentralised manner. The basis for this is a new energy market organisation that brings about the convergence of energy markets and ends the structural economic disadvantage of renewables. The clear message and admission from Paris is that no global climate agreement can replace the necessary country-specific and regional implementation of the energy transition. Our task therefore remains the demand for a global energy supply with 100% renewable energy, which is more important and urgent today than ever before.
Professor Peter Droege
President, EUROSOLAR
General Chairman, WCRE
*) The only reference to the central topic of energy only occurs in one place where reference is made to renewable energies - in connection with the 'need for universal access to sustainable energy supply in developing countries through renewable energies, especially in Africa.' However, the importance of promoting renewable energies through the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), which was pushed through by Hermann Scheer (EUROSOLAR, SPD), Hans-Josef Fell (Greens) and Hermann Fellner (CSU) in 2000 and which was modelled on similar laws in many other countries and led to the breakthrough of renewables, is not mentioned in the treaty documents.
**) On the contrary, the Paris Climate Agreement allows the fossil fuel economy to continue to exist until the end of the century, and even permits the further expansion of fossil fuel power plants. Dystopian high-risk technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) are firmly planned in some participating countries - even if they are not enshrined in the final document. Also firmly planned in many places - and even still in many 'scientific' minds - is a massive expansion of nuclear energy, including the dangers of accidents and the nuclear waste problems that cannot be solved responsibly. Even the aberrations of nuclear fusion supporters continue to be rewarded with growing budgets. The multinational nuclear, coal and oil companies have obviously exerted their influence on governments here.
The cities propose to strengthen and accelerate local climate protection through a new financial support system. The German Association of Cities today published a concept and a publication on its website. The Chief Executive of the German Association of Cities, Helmut Dedy, told the Deutsche Presse-Agentur (dpa) for a report on 6 June:
"We think it is good and important that the federal government also wants to promote municipal climate protection more strongly. From the cities' point of view, there have been far too many short-sighted and cumbersome federal funding programmes so far, which at best have caused a flash in the pan. This is no longer appropriate, because we need to act quickly and effectively to achieve climate neutrality. The German Association of Cities has therefore developed a concept for how the federal and state governments can wisely promote municipal climate protection. Municipalities should receive fixed budgets for climate protection for at least 10 years. This creates planning security at the local level, for example to renovate school buildings to make them more energy efficient or to achieve a heat supply without fossil fuels.
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On the one hand, there are 80 photos by Ludger Dederich from 2013, at which time the district was as good as completed. The urban integration of the "Turning Torso" by Santiago Calatrava can be seen well in some of the photos:
![Extension.JPG [ JPG 0,13 MB ]](https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/images/presseinfos/2021/Zubau.JPG){kind=link}