ARD magazine Panorama shows: Newly built private apartments are often unaffordable
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Housing is expensive, especially in cities there is a lack of affordable housing. Build, build, build - politicians are relying on private investors here. They are supposed to solve the housing crisis. However, research by the ARD magazine Panorama shows that new private apartments are often unaffordable.
TU Dortmund University conducted an excursion to Paris from 27 to 31 March 2017 as part of the research project "Co-Housing Initiatives in Europe". There, the researchers met French colleagues Anne Labit (Orléans University), Sabrina Bresson (ENSA Paris Val-de-Seine) and Claire Carriou (Paris Nanterre University)."
"While in Germany the number of community housing projects has been steadily increasing for the last 30 years and a number of communal and other support structures have developed in parallel, a similar development has only been observed in France since the early 2000s."
In a recently written short study, scientists from the Department of Energy System Analysis at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE prepared an evaluation of the Market Master Data Register (MaStR) and the EEG system master data for photovoltaics (PV). Important findings of the analyses were that with 38 percent of the newly installed capacity, the increase in capacity in Germany is increasingly taking place in the segment of rooftop systems larger than 100 kW, 22 percent of the newly built PV systems are erected in a west, east or east-west direction and 19 percent of these systems have tilt angles smaller than 20 degrees.
Relative shares of the different orientations in the construction of new plants. Source: Own calculation based on MaStR data registered as of 31.01.2019 (as of 03.03.2020).
The Market Master Data Register (MaStR) is the register for the German electricity and gas market. Since January 2021, all electricity generation units connected to the general supply grid must be entered in it. This also applies to the steadily growing number of photovoltaic systems in Germany. In addition to the master data on output and location of a PV system, which has already been recorded in the Renewable Energy Sources Act register (EEG system master data), the market master data register records further information such as orientation, inclination and output limitation.
These parameters have now been analyzed by scientists at Fraunhofer ISE. The evaluation covers the period from 2000 to the present day and shows the development over time in terms of number, power, location by federal state, orientation, inclination and power limitation. Different evaluation criteria were taken into consideration, which allow statements to be made on the following aspects: Plant addition, power addition by plant class, plant addition by federal state, plant orientation and inclination angle.
Fraunhofer ISE evaluates these central parameters at regular intervals and makes the results publicly available. In addition, the Institute offers further evaluations of this database on request.
82 percent of the added systems are smaller than 10 kW
The evaluation of the installation of new systems by system class essentially shows that the <10 kW size range has remained constant since 2014 with an average share of 82 percent. Rooftop systems over 10 and up to 100 kW had a heyday between 2004 and 2011, when their share of new installations - in relation to the number of systems - averaged 43 percent.
Growing part of the added capacity is due to large rooftop systems
When examining the increase in capacity by plant class, it becomes clear that the high share of the <10 kW plant class in terms of the number of plants is only reflected in a high increase in capacity to a limited extent. The share of the plant class has remained fairly constant at an average of 19 percent since 2014. One system segment whose relative share of capacity growth has increased sharply is the system class of rooftop systems from 100 to 750 kW. From 17 percent in 2012, their share has more than doubled to 38 percent in 2019. In contrast, the importance of ground-mounted systems has declined from 45 percent in 2012 to 20 percent in 2019.
More than half of the PV systems will no longer be built in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
The two states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg accounted for an average of 59.6 percent of new installations in Germany between 2000 and 2009, and this share declined to an average of 44.5 percent between 2010 and 2019. Over the same periods, North Rhine-Westphalia increased its average contribution from 14.1 to 18.3 percent, Lower Saxony's share rose from 6.5 to 9.2 percent, and Brandenburg's share increased from 0.7 to 2.2 percent. All the remaining federal states also recorded increases, albeit to a lesser extent. Despite the decline in their share, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg remain in first and second place in terms of new installations in 2019, with 24.4 percent and 18.6 percent respectively. This is followed by North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Hesse with 17.9 percent, 9.2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively.
73 percent of newly installed PV systems are limited in their capacity
Only around a quarter of the newly installed plants in 2019 do not have any output limitation. According to the EEG, 66 percent of newly installed plants may only feed a maximum of 70 percent of their output into the grid because they do not have remotely controllable feed-in management. This proportion has grown by an average of 4 percentage points per year since 2014. The remaining output-limited plants have even higher limitations of 60 to 50 percent as a result of the combination with a battery storage system.
Increasing proportion of PV systems facing east and west
While the share of PV systems with southern orientation decreased from 61 percent in 2000 to 42 percent in 2019, the share of systems with eastern and western orientation increased at almost the same rate: east from 1 percent in 2000 to 7 percent in 2019, west from 3 percent in 2000 to 9 percent in 2019, east-west from 1 percent in 2000 to 6 percent in 2019.
Plants are increasingly being built with a lower angle of inclination.
The share of added PV systems (rooftop and ground-mounted) with a tilt angle of less than 20 degrees averaged 10 percent between the years 2000 and 2009. Subsequently, between 2010 and 2019, the share increased to an average of 19 percent. Systems with 20 to 40 degrees of tilt accounted for an average of 63 percent between 2000 and 2009, falling to 54 percent between 2010 and 2019.
With a very large majority, the municipal council decided on 22.07.2021 to initiate the urban development measure (SEM) "Nördlich Hafner". The development statute provides the project with a binding legal framework for the city of Constance and the remaining property owners in the area. The decision is also the conclusion of the preparatory studies (VU) that have been running for about four years, in which not only various subject-related studies and the urban development framework plan were developed, but also a comprehensive timetable and a detailed cost and financing overview were drawn up. In total, the development of the approx. 106 ha large area (of which around 60 ha settlement area) including all technical and social infrastructures (e.g. day-care centres, primary school). In the end, income from the allocation of land will result in a largely balanced overall balance.
"With the results of the preparatory studies, valuable foundations have been laid for a speedy development of the area and thus for the creation of affordable housing and commercial space. Even though major tasks still await us in the coming years: Now the development of the Hafner can really take off. I am looking forward to the further joint process of developing the new district for and with the people of Constance," says Construction Mayor Karl Langensteiner-Schönborn.
The development of the first construction phase could begin from the end of 2025, and the completion of all development measures in the third and final construction phase is planned for 2038. Until then, there are still many planning steps to be taken: Further owner discussions and negotiations (with the aim of acquiring the plots or a binding participation of the owners), the further development of the framework plan, in-depth expert opinions, the preparation of development plans as well as the development of an allocation concept for plots are only some of the tasks. For all those involved and interested, there will also be many opportunities in the coming years to inform themselves about the further process and to participate.
In 2016, the municipal council decided that preparatory studies for an urban development measure should be carried out for the Hafner area. After these were completed in May 2021, the project now reaches an important milestone with the consultations on the resolution of a development statute in July 2021.
Over the past four years, the city administration, together with external experts, has investigated the prerequisites for implementing an urban development measure in the area: from a planning, temporal, economic and property rights perspective. The preparatory studies have come to the conclusion that the urban development framework plan for the area, which was adopted by the municipal council at the end of 2019, can be implemented. "The important foundation for a rapid development of affordable housing and commercial space in the Hafner area - over 3,000 residential units and 15 ha of commercial space - has thus been laid," says Mayor Karl Langensteiner-Schönborn.
In contrast to traditional models of building area development, the instrument of urban development measures offers the possibility to prevent land speculation, to involve the owners in the development and to handle and finance the social infrastructure needs in the area through the measure. The instrument distributes obligations and rights fairly between the owners and the common good: investment costs are not socialised and development profits are not privatised, but reinvested for development.
The resolution of a development statute now sets the corresponding legal framework for the development. It is also the starting signal for the next steps in the development process. At the end of 2021, the decision to draw up the development plan for the first construction phase is to follow, and from 2024, the allocation of plots to WOBAK, housing cooperatives, building associations and other developers is to begin via concept procedures. Development of the first construction phase is expected to begin at the end of 2025.
As interactive world map the "New World Atlas of Artificial Sky Brighness" and thus the first worldwide measurement of light pollution since 2001 is now publicly accessible.
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