City of Cologne reintroduces municipal right of first refusal
Published
Housing to be created through more effective development of building sites
The City of Cologne has revoked its waiver of the exercise of the municipal right of first refusal with effect from 1 February 2018 and announced it in the Official Gazette of the City of Cologne. At the same time, the City of Cologne informed the Cologne Land Registry, the Cologne Chamber of Notaries and the Federal Chamber of Notaries of the revocation of its general waiver. The City of Cologne has thus cleared the way for an important legal instrument to secure its urban planning. The aim of the municipal right of first refusal is the more effective development of building areas, which in particular serves the creation of affordable housing in the still tight housing market in Cologne.
The right of first refusal is available to the city according to the legal requirements, for example, for the purchase of land
in the area of application of a development plan, insofar as it concerns areas for which a use for public purposes has been determined in accordance with the development plan,
in a reallocation area,
in a formally designated redevelopment area,
in the area of application of a land use plan, insofar as it concerns undeveloped areas in the outer area, for which a use as residential building land or residential area is shown according to the land use plan, or
in planned or unplanned areas that can be built on primarily with residential buildings, insofar as the properties are undeveloped.
The City of Cologne can thus designate by statute areas in which it has a right of first refusal in areas where it is considering urban development measures in order to ensure orderly urban development.
Insofar as the legal requirements for exercising the municipal right of first refusal are not met or the city does not intend to exercise its right of first refusal, it will issue corresponding certificates to the parties involved. Fees ranging from 61.69 euros to 89.11 euros will be charged for this. The contracting parties or notaries are now required to submit purchase agreements on real estate transactions in the Cologne city area to the responsible Office for Real Estate, Cadastre and Surveying for examination of the right of first refusal. The City of Cologne has a period of two months from the submission of complete documents in which to check the existence of the pre-emptive right and to execute its possible exercise.
On 18 May 2017, the Council of the City of Cologne decided by a majority to reintroduce the right of first refusal after the city had waived it since 1995.
Shortly after the shutdown of the Swiss old reactor Mühleberg it goes Philippsburg 2 nuclear power plantfrom the grid on 31.12.2019 as planned. This will be followed in a few months by Fessenheimthe two oldest reactors in France. In addition, at the end of the year in Sweden, the 45-year-old "Ring neck 2" from the grid. Shutting down nuclear reactors significantly reduces the risk of accidents and avoids masses of radiating nuclear waste and its transport in Castor containers.
In 1989, there were still 177 nuclear reactors in Europe. An interactive map of the remaining 126 still in operation (As of 1 January 2019, there should still be 121 after the shutdown of the above-mentioned nuclear power plants) can be found here: www.global2000.at/karte-atomkraft-europa
4,996 single- and multi-family houses in timber construction were approved in Bavaria in 2015. This early indicator from the State Statistical Office sets a new record in the readiness for timber construction. In terms of building permits, the timber construction rate is thus already at 19.6 percent. In the last 30 years, never before have so many residential buildings made of wood been planned in Bavaria and the above-mentioned value exceeds the construction completions of 2015 by nine percent or 429 residential buildings.
In a recently written short study, scientists from the Department of Energy System Analysis at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE prepared an evaluation of the Market Master Data Register (MaStR) and the EEG system master data for photovoltaics (PV). Important findings of the analyses were that with 38 percent of the newly installed capacity, the increase in capacity in Germany is increasingly taking place in the segment of rooftop systems larger than 100 kW, 22 percent of the newly built PV systems are erected in a west, east or east-west direction and 19 percent of these systems have tilt angles smaller than 20 degrees.
Relative shares of the different orientations in the construction of new plants. Source: Own calculation based on MaStR data registered as of 31.01.2019 (as of 03.03.2020).
The Market Master Data Register (MaStR) is the register for the German electricity and gas market. Since January 2021, all electricity generation units connected to the general supply grid must be entered in it. This also applies to the steadily growing number of photovoltaic systems in Germany. In addition to the master data on output and location of a PV system, which has already been recorded in the Renewable Energy Sources Act register (EEG system master data), the market master data register records further information such as orientation, inclination and output limitation.
These parameters have now been analyzed by scientists at Fraunhofer ISE. The evaluation covers the period from 2000 to the present day and shows the development over time in terms of number, power, location by federal state, orientation, inclination and power limitation. Different evaluation criteria were taken into consideration, which allow statements to be made on the following aspects: Plant addition, power addition by plant class, plant addition by federal state, plant orientation and inclination angle.
Fraunhofer ISE evaluates these central parameters at regular intervals and makes the results publicly available. In addition, the Institute offers further evaluations of this database on request.
82 percent of the added systems are smaller than 10 kW
The evaluation of the installation of new systems by system class essentially shows that the <10 kW size range has remained constant since 2014 with an average share of 82 percent. Rooftop systems over 10 and up to 100 kW had a heyday between 2004 and 2011, when their share of new installations - in relation to the number of systems - averaged 43 percent.
Growing part of the added capacity is due to large rooftop systems
When examining the increase in capacity by plant class, it becomes clear that the high share of the <10 kW plant class in terms of the number of plants is only reflected in a high increase in capacity to a limited extent. The share of the plant class has remained fairly constant at an average of 19 percent since 2014. One system segment whose relative share of capacity growth has increased sharply is the system class of rooftop systems from 100 to 750 kW. From 17 percent in 2012, their share has more than doubled to 38 percent in 2019. In contrast, the importance of ground-mounted systems has declined from 45 percent in 2012 to 20 percent in 2019.
More than half of the PV systems will no longer be built in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
The two states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg accounted for an average of 59.6 percent of new installations in Germany between 2000 and 2009, and this share declined to an average of 44.5 percent between 2010 and 2019. Over the same periods, North Rhine-Westphalia increased its average contribution from 14.1 to 18.3 percent, Lower Saxony's share rose from 6.5 to 9.2 percent, and Brandenburg's share increased from 0.7 to 2.2 percent. All the remaining federal states also recorded increases, albeit to a lesser extent. Despite the decline in their share, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg remain in first and second place in terms of new installations in 2019, with 24.4 percent and 18.6 percent respectively. This is followed by North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Hesse with 17.9 percent, 9.2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively.
73 percent of newly installed PV systems are limited in their capacity
Only around a quarter of the newly installed plants in 2019 do not have any output limitation. According to the EEG, 66 percent of newly installed plants may only feed a maximum of 70 percent of their output into the grid because they do not have remotely controllable feed-in management. This proportion has grown by an average of 4 percentage points per year since 2014. The remaining output-limited plants have even higher limitations of 60 to 50 percent as a result of the combination with a battery storage system.
Increasing proportion of PV systems facing east and west
While the share of PV systems with southern orientation decreased from 61 percent in 2000 to 42 percent in 2019, the share of systems with eastern and western orientation increased at almost the same rate: east from 1 percent in 2000 to 7 percent in 2019, west from 3 percent in 2000 to 9 percent in 2019, east-west from 1 percent in 2000 to 6 percent in 2019.
Plants are increasingly being built with a lower angle of inclination.
The share of added PV systems (rooftop and ground-mounted) with a tilt angle of less than 20 degrees averaged 10 percent between the years 2000 and 2009. Subsequently, between 2010 and 2019, the share increased to an average of 19 percent. Systems with 20 to 40 degrees of tilt accounted for an average of 63 percent between 2000 and 2009, falling to 54 percent between 2010 and 2019.
Die EU-Staaten haben endgültig grünes Licht für die überarbeitete Richtlinie zur Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden gegeben und die neuen Vorgaben formell beschlossen. Kadri Simson, EU-Kommissarin für Energie, begrüßte das Votum: „Eine bessere Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, um unser Ziel der Klimaneutralität zu erreichen und die Energieunabhängigkeit Europas zu stärken. Renovierungen sind Investitionen in eine bessere Zukunft.“
Die neuen Rechtsvorschriften bildenden Rahmen für die Mitgliedstaaten zurVerringerung der Emissionen und des Energieverbrauchs von Gebäuden in der gesamten EU, von Wohnungen und Arbeitsplätzen bis hin zu Schulen, Krankenhäusern und anderen öffentlichen Gebäuden. Mit der überarbeiteten Richtlinie werden ehrgeizige Ziele zurVerringerung des Gesamtenergieverbrauchs von Gebäuden in der gesamten EU unterBerücksichtigung nationaler Besonderheiten festgelegt. Es überlässt den Mitgliedstaaten, welche Gebäude ins Visier genommen werden und welche Maßnahmen zu ergreifen sind. Sie wird die Nachfrage nach sauberen Technologien in Europa ankurbeln und Arbeitsplätze, Investitionen und Wachstum schaffen.
Jeder Mitgliedstaat wird seinen eigenen nationalen Zielpfad festlegen, um den durchschnittlichen Primärenergieverbrauch von Wohngebäuden bis 2030 um 16 Prozent und bis 2035 um 20-22 Prozent zu senken. Bei Nichtwohngebäuden müssen sie die 16 Prozent der Gebäude mit der schlechtesten Gesamtenergieeffizienz bis 2030 und die 26 Prozent der Gebäude mit der schlechtesten Gesamtenergieeffizienz bis 2033 renovieren. Die Mitgliedstaaten werden die Möglichkeit haben, bestimmte Kategorien von Wohn- und Nichtwohngebäuden, einschließlich historischer Gebäude oder Ferienhäuser, von diesen Verpflichtungenauszunehmen.
Die Bürgerinnen und Bürger werden bei ihren Bemühungen um eine Verbesserung ihrer Wohnung unterstützt. Die Richtlinie schreibt die Einrichtung zentraler Anlaufstellen für die Beratung bei Gebäuderenovierungen vor, und die Bestimmungen über die öffentliche und private Finanzierung werden Renovierungen erschwinglicher und realisierbarer machen.
Nullemissionsgebäude als neuer Standard
Mit der überarbeiteten Richtlinie werden Nullemissionsgebäude zum neuen Standard für Neubauten. Die verschärfte Richtlinie enthält neue Bestimmungen, at unter Berücksichtigung der nationalen Gegebenheiten schrittweise den Ausstieg aus fossilen Brennstoffen von der Beheizung in Gebäudenund den Ausbau von Solarkraftwerken zu fördern. Die Mitgliedstaaten müssen dafür sorgen, dass neue Gebäude solarfähig sind, das heißt, sich für das Anbringen von Photovoltaik- oder Solarthermieanlagen auf dem Dach eignen. Das Installieren von Solarenergieanlagen soll für neue Gebäude zum Normalfall werden. Subventionen für das Installieren von eigenständigen Heizkesseln, die mit fossilen Brennstoffen betrieben werden, sind ab dem 1. Januar 2025 nicht mehr zulässig.
Außerdem wird die Richtlinie dank der Bestimmungen über Vorverkabelung, Ladepunkte für Elektrofahrzeuge und Fahrradstellplätze die Akzeptanz nachhaltiger Mobilität fördern.
Energiearmut bekämpfen
Eine bessere Planung von Renovierungenandtechnische und finanzielle Unterstützung werden von entscheidender Bedeutung sein, um eine Renovierungswelle in der gesamten EU auszulösen. Um Energiearmut zu bekämpfen und die Energiekosten zu senken, müssen die Finanzierungsmaßnahmen Anreize für Renovierungen schaffen und insbesondere auf schutzbedürftige Kunden und Gebäude mit der schlechtesten Energieeffizienz ausgerichtet sein, in denen ein höherer Anteil der von Energiearmut betroffenen Haushalte lebt.
Nächste Schritte
Die überarbeitete Richtlinie wird im Amtsblatt der Union veröffentlicht und tritt in den kommenden Wochen in Kraft. Die Mitgliedstaaten müssen sie dann in nationales Recht umsetzen.
Background
Auf Gebäude entfallen rund 40 Prozentdes Energieverbrauchs der EU, mehr als die Hälfte des Gasverbrauchs in der EU (hauptsächlich durch Heizung, Kühlung und Warmwasser) und 35 Prozent der energiebedingten Treibhausgasemissionen. Derzeit sind etwa 35 Prozent der Gebäude in der EU älter als 50 Jahre, und fast 75 Prozent des Gebäudebestands sind ineffizient. Gleichzeitig liegt die durchschnittliche jährliche Quote energetischer Renovierungen bei nur etwa ein Prozent.
We use cookies to optimize our website and services.
Functional
Always active
Technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a particular service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that have not been requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access, which is solely for statistical purposes.Technical storage or access used solely for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary consent from your Internet service provider, or additional records from third parties, information stored or accessed for this purpose cannot generally be used alone to identify you.
Marketing
Technical storage or access is necessary to create user profiles, to send advertising or to track the user on a website or across multiple websites for similar marketing purposes.
![Extension.JPG [ JPG 0,13 MB ]](https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/images/presseinfos/2021/Zubau.JPG){kind=link}