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Holz gehört zu den ältesten Werkstoffen dieser Welt und erfährt gerade im Bau eine Renaissance. Seit 2017 unterstützt das Ministerium für Heimat, Kommunales, Bau und Digitalisierung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen das „Bauen mit Holz”: Im Zuge der öffentlichen Wohnraumförderung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen oder über die Städtebauförderung des Landes und des Bundes wird das „Bauen mit Holz” finanziell angereizt.
Grundlage für den Einsatz von Holz im Bau ist die Bauordnung für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen und die Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie.
„Bei der Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie ist es uns aus Nordrhein-Westfalen zusammen mit Bayern gelungen, die neue Richtlinie einem einstimmigen Beschluss zuzuführen. Über drei Jahre haben Fachleute aus 16 Bundesländern und andere Expertinnen und Experten daran gearbeitet, das ‘Bauen mit Holz’ in Deutschland zu vereinfachen und gleichzeitig den Brandschutz zu wahren. Mit der neuen Richtlinie wird der Anwendungsbereich für das Bauen mit Holz ausgeweitet. Zukünftig werden auch ‘Standardgebäude’ der Gebäudeklasse 5 wie Wohngebäude unterhalb der Hochhausgrenze in Holztafelbauweise errichtet werden dürfen. Bisher war dies nur in Massivholzbauweise möglich. Die Änderung macht den Bau kostengünster und stärkt die serielle Vorfertigung. Des Weiteren wird der Anwendungsbereich der Richtlinie auf Sonderbauten ausgeweitet. Auch ein höherer Anteil von sichtbaren Holzoberflächen wird zugelassen. Auf die neue Richtinie haben viele Bauherrschaften und Planerinnen und Planer gewartet. Jetzt gilt es, die neue Richtlinie in das nordrhein-westfälische Recht einzuführen. Damit verschaffen wir dem Holzbau in Nordrhein-Westfalen weiteres Wachstum. Wir wollen das Bauen in Nordrhein-Westfalen noch einfacher, schneller und umweltschonender machen. Als nachwachsender Rohstoff leistet Holz einen wegweisenden Beitrag zur ressourcenschonenden und nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Bauwesens. Wir sind startklar und brauchen jetzt noch das ‘go’ der Europäischen Kommission,” so Ina Scharrenbach, Ministerin für Heimat, Kommunales, Bau und Digitalisierung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Nach dem Beschluss der Bauministerkonferenz ist die neue Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie der Europäischen Kommission zur sogenannten Notifizierung vorzulegen. Dieser Prozess dauert zwischen drei und sechs Monate. Danach kann die neue Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie als Technische Baubestimmung in Nordrhein-Westfalen formal eingeführt werden.
Für die Übergangszeit hat das Ministerium für Heimat, Kommunales, Bau und Digitalisierung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen auf der Grundlage von § 17 Absatz 4 BauO NRW 2018 per Erlass festgelegt, dass für die durch den Anwendungsbereich der neuen Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie genau begrenzten Fälle eine Bauartgenehmigung nicht erforderlich ist, wenn für diese Fälle bei der Planung, Bemessung und Ausführung die von der 145. Bauministerkonferenz beschlossene Fassung der Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie beachtet wird, da Gefahren im Sinne des § 3 Absatz 1 Satz 1 BauO NRW 2018 unter dieser Voraussetzung nicht zu erwarten sind.
Die Richtlinie regelt die Bauweise zur Errichtung feuerwiderstandsfähiger Bauteile für größere Mehrfamilienhäuser (Gebäudeklassen 4 und 5), die Anforderungen zur Planung von Holzbauten sowie die Anordnung von brandschutztechnisch wirksamen Bekleidungen aus Holz. Bei der Ausweitung der Holztafelbauweise auf Gebäude der Klassen 4 und 5 wird beim Bau Material eingespart und ist damit wirtschaftlicher als die bisher nur mögliche Massivholzbauweise. Bei der Holztafelbauweise handelt es sich um eine verbreitete Holzbauweise von Fertighäusern, bei der Bauteile vorgefertigt und beim Hausbau zusammengefügt werden.
Hintergrund Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie
- Der Ausschuss für Stadtentwicklung, Bau- und Wohnungswesen der Bauministerkonferenz hatte nach der Veröffentlichung der alten Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie (Fassung Oktober 2020) eine Projektgruppe „Muster-Holzbau-Richtlinie“ eingesetzt. Sie hatte den Auftrag, die Richtlinie fortzuschreiben und sie insbesondere auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse von Forschung und Wissenschaft weiterzuentwickeln.
- Die Projektgruppe hat im April 2021 ihre Arbeit aufgenommen und einen ersten Entwurf der neuen Richtlinie im November 2023 veröffentlicht. Zu diesem Entwurf sind im Rahmen der öffentlichen Anhörung rund 380 Stellungnahmen eingegangen, welche die Projektgruppe seit Anfang dieses Jahres ausgewertet hat.
- Anfang September hat die Projektgruppe den neuen und überarbeiteten Entwurf fertiggestellt. Diesen Entwurf hat die 145. Bauministerkonferenz am 27. September 2024 in Passau mit geringfügigen Änderungen beschlossen.
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Today, almost everyone has a mobile phone, which was different 20 years ago. Sometimes, contrary to forecasts, technological change can happen very quickly. Scientists say that in 20 years' time, one in two of us will be driving an electric car.
The article from 22.2.2017 read in the Perspective Daily
[Editor's note: Stuttgart is home to the first new housing estate with 125 flats equipped with an electric car fleet. Here is the link to the project profile: www.sdg21.eu/db/modellprojekt-wohnen-plus-elektroauto-fuhrpark]
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DE-News, Mobility, News Blog Baden-Württemberg, eMobility, Ecology
The share of renewable energies in electricity consumption rises to almost 43 percent. The climate protection successes in the electricity sector are diminished by rising greenhouse gas emissions in buildings and transport. In parallel, public interest in climate protection is rising: since May 2019, it has consistently been the most pressing political issue in the eyes of the population. This is shown by Agora Energiewende's 2019 annual evaluation.
Berlin, January 7, 2020. Greenhouse emissions in Germany fell by more than 50 million tonnes in 2019, some 35 per cent below the 1990 level, bringing Germany's target of reducing emissions by 40 per cent by 2020 surprisingly within reach. The electricity sector is solely responsible for the decline: lignite and hard coal produced significantly less electricity, while renewable energies covered just under 42.6 percent of electricity demand, almost five percentage points more than in the previous year. This is shown in the annual evaluation "The energy transition in the electricity sector - state of affairs 2019", which Agora Energiewende has now presented. For the first time, wind, hydropower, solar power and biogas plants generated more electricity than coal and nuclear power plants combined.
The main cause of the decline in emissions in the electricity system is the increased prices for CO2-certificates in EU emissions trading. In combination with the increase in electricity production from renewables and a decrease in electricity consumption, these led to fossil-fuel power plants significantly reducing their electricity production at many hours in 2019 because it was no longer competitive. As a result, electricity generation by hard coal-fired power plants plummeted by 31 percent, and that of lignite-fired power plants by 22 percent. This also benefited gas-fired power plants, which produced less CO2-certificates for their electricity generation; they increased their electricity sales by 11 percent.
Unlike in the electricity system, CO2 emissions from buildings and the transport system actually increased: more natural gas, heating oil, petrol and diesel were consumed there than in the previous year. This partially offset the emission reductions in the electricity system. In the transport system, the rising share of heavy vehicles with large combustion engines, such as SUVs, in particular led to an increase in emissions.
The growth in renewable energies is mainly due to the addition of photovoltaic systems and a good wind year. "Nevertheless, the energy transition is starting the 2020s with a heavy mortgage," says Dr. Patrick Graichen, Director of Agora Energiewende. "This is because the expansion of wind energy has collapsed by more than 80 percent in the last two years and has thus almost come to a standstill. Moreover, because the tenders for new wind turbines were not fully utilized in 2019, we will not see impressive expansion figures for wind energy in the next few years either. It is up to the German government to quickly change the framework conditions now so that wind power can move forward again. It is the workhorse of the energy transition, and without wind power we will achieve neither the coal phase-out nor the climate protection targets."
However, the good figures for the energy turnaround in the electricity sector are clearly clouded by the lack of further ambition in energy and climate policy, particularly in the heating and transport sectors. "There is a risk that - after the decrease in emissions in the past two years - in the period 2020 to 2022 - an increase will follow again," warns Graichen. "We need to add more renewables to compensate for the nuclear phase-out by 2022 and also generate enough electricity for electric cars and heat pumps." This is also in line with the expectations of the population: for example, the representative long-term survey "Politbarometer" by Forschungsgruppe Wahlen shows that voters have consistently seen the issue of "climate/energy transition" as the most important problem since May 2019 - ahead of the issues of migration/integration (second place) and pensions (third place).
The annual evaluation also shows that the subsidy costs for renewable energies will soon fall. This is because old and expensive plants are increasingly no longer eligible for subsidies under the Renewable Energy Sources Act after 20 years, but can continue to offer electricity at what are now favourable prices. New wind and solar plants, on the other hand, now produce electricity more cheaply than all other types of power plant and, as renewable energy shares rise, are increasingly leading to falling prices on the electricity exchange. As a result, Germany was also the country in Europe with the lowest wholesale electricity prices in 2019, along with Luxembourg. It was also interesting to note that the upward and downward price swings on the exchange (including negative electricity prices) were moderate this year, with no shortages recorded on the electricity market "This is a sign that security of supply in Germany was consistently high last year," says Graichen.
A significant drop in electricity consumption also contributed to the high share of renewable energies. At 569 terawatt hours, electricity consumption in 2019 was the lowest in the past 20 years and lower than in 2009, the year of the economic crisis. This is due both to lower economic growth and overall lower electricity consumption by the energy-intensive basic materials industry, as well as to lower own electricity consumption by conventional power plants, which were replaced by renewable energy plants.
For 2020, Agora Energiewende forecasts that electricity generation from nuclear energy will continue to decline, as the Philippsburg 2 nuclear power plant was decommissioned at the end of December 2019. The situation for onshore wind energy, meanwhile, will hardly improve, with additions likely to be in the region of one gigawatt, as in 2019, while solar energy is expected to add four gigawatts, a similar level to 2019. Offshore wind energy is expected to increase further in 2020 due to the commissioning of new wind farms in the second half of 2019 and first half of 2020. The development of lignite, hard coal and natural gas and thus CO2 emissions in 2020 is open and depends on the development of coal, gas and CO2 prices as well as wind conditions - no reliable statements can be made on this at the present time. However, it is very likely that the prospect of possible compensation as part of the coal phase-out will mean that no coal-fired power plant will be shut down in 2020.
The annual review is available for download free of charge. It comprises 70 pages as well as numerous tables and graphics:
www.agora-energiewende.de/...die-energiewende-im-stromsektor-stand-der-dinge-2019
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DE-News, Renewable, Climate protection, Mobility, Sustainable management, New books and studies, Transition Town, Life cycle assessment
Growth of renewable energies varies greatly from country to country / Greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union rose slightly last year / Agora Energiewende and Sandbag present report on EU energy transition
Brussels, 30 January 2018. In 2017, for the first time, more electricity was produced from wind, solar and biomass in the European Union than from hard coal and lignite combined. Electricity generation from these renewables grew by 12 percent compared to the previous year. Since 2010, the share of electricity from wind, solar and biomass - the "new" renewables introduced since 2000 - has more than doubled in the EU. However, as hydropower production declined sharply in 2017, the share of all renewables in electricity generation grew only slightly from the previous year, rising from 29.8 to 30.0 percent. This is shown in a joint analysis by two think tanks - Agora Energiewende from Germany and Sandbag from the UK. The authors of the study compiled and evaluated public data from numerous sources.
However, the share of renewable energies is developing very differently from country to country. The United Kingdom and Germany, for example, have contributed more than half of the expansion of renewable energies in the past three years - wind energy in particular plays a major role here. In Germany, 30 percent of electricity was generated from wind, solar and biomass last year, compared with 28 percent in the UK. The strongest percentage growth was recorded in Denmark: In 2017, 74 percent of the electricity generated there came from wind, solar and biomass, an increase of seven percentage points within one year. The strong growth in these countries contrasts with very low growth in many other EU countries: Slovenia, Bulgaria, France, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary have all seen very low growth since 2010. Other countries still recorded significant growth at the beginning of the decade, but only stagnation in the past three years. These include Spain, Italy, Portugal, Belgium and Greece. The exceptions are Croatia and Romania, where the share of electricity from wind, solar and biomass has increased from low single digits to 18 (Croatia) and 16 percent (Romania) since 2011. Six countries produced less than ten percent of their electricity from wind, solar and biomass in 2017: Slovenia (4%), Bulgaria (7%), France (8%), Slovakia (8%), Czech Republic (8%) and Hungary (10%).
Fossil energy also showed an uneven development. Electricity generation from hard coal declined by 7 percent due to higher wind power production. This development will continue in the Netherlands, Italy and Portugal due to political decisions. However, electricity generation from lignite increased slightly across the EU in 2017, and there is no sign yet of a shift away from lignite-fired generation.
Despite the increase in wind and solar energy, CO2-emissions from the European power sector did not fall in 2017, remaining at 1,019 million tonnes. A combination of three factors led to this: First, electricity generation from hydropower fell to a Europe-wide low, mainly due to low precipitation and snowfall, which largely eroded gains in other renewables. Second, nuclear power plants in France and Germany supplied less electricity than in previous years. And third, electricity consumption in the European Union rose for the third year in a row, by 0.7 percent in 2017. Since CO2-emissions outside the power sector increased, emissions within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) are expected to rise again for the first time since 2010, the authors of the study forecast. They assume that in 2017, within the ETS, 1,756 million tonnes of CO2 were emitted, six million metric tons more than in the previous year. Emissions from the use of oil and gas outside the ETS also grew. Sandbag and Agora Energiewende therefore assume an increase in total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU of around 1 percent.
"In recent years, the development of renewable energies in Europe has been strongly influenced by the success story of wind energy in the UK and Germany. However, only if all countries in Europe commit themselves equally will it be possible to achieve a 35 percent share of renewable energies in energy consumption by 2030. Photovoltaics can make a much greater contribution to this than has been the case to date. Measured against its potential and its now very low costs, it plays far too small a role," says Matthias Buck, Head of European Energy Policy at Agora Energiewende.
"With electricity consumption rising for the third year in a row, countries need to step up their energy efficiency efforts," adds Sandbag analyst Dave Jones. "To make a difference on emissions, European Union countries can't avoid closing coal-fired power plants. According to our calculations, 258 coal-fired power plants in the EU accounted for 38 percent of all emissions in the ETS last year. This is equivalent to 15 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions." In 2017, the Netherlands, Italy and Portugal announced plans to phase out coal-fired power generation in the coming years. "This is great. But we need a fast and complete coal phase-out in Europe. It would be absurd to still be charging electric cars with electricity from coal in the 2030s," Jones says.
To reach the EU's 2030 renewables target, the EU will have to make much greater efforts in the coming years than in the past. "Especially in Southern and Central Europe, but also in Spain and Greece, renewable energies can play a much greater role. Because the climatic conditions there are very favourable for renewables," says Buck. Agora Energiewende has therefore recently proposed a guarantee programme to significantly reduce the financing costs for renewable energy projects in these countries.
The analysis "The European Power Sector in 2017" was presented today in Brussels. It is available in English on the website www.agora-energiewende.de available for download free of charge. A comprehensive data set with all figures used in the publication is available as an Excel file.
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